Classical Argument Outline Sequestration could be detrimental to the DoD and it’s contractors. (Pathos) I. Because sequestration will cut much needed funding from the military. (UA: Sequestration is bad for the military) a. billion dollars will be cut throughout the next 10 years b. 45 billion will be cut in FY13 c Outline of an Argumentative Essay – Classical Pattern. I. Introduction. A. Background Information: basic information about the issue (i.e. euthanasia) and the position being argued (i.e. euthanasia should/should not be allowed). B. Thesis Statement: states the position to be argued in the essay. II In Classical Argument, you are supporting a position based on reasoned arguments. This means positions are supported rather than being merely assertions. In other words, you choose a side and use a number of claims, each supported with evidence, to prove your side is correct. Arguments generally deal with matters of opinion and judgment rather than cases of absoluteFile Size: 84KB
Classical Argument // Purdue Writing Lab
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Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. This resource describes the fundamental qualities of argument developed by Aristotle in the vital classical argument outline text On Rhetoric, classical argument outline. The study of rhetoric has existed for thousands of years, predating even Socrates, classical argument outline, Plato and the other ancient Greek philosophers that we often credit as the founders of Western philosophy.
Although ancient rhetoric is most commonly associated with the ancient Greeks and Romans, early examples of rhetoric date all the way back to ancient Akkadian writings in Mesopotamia. In ancient Greece and Rome, rhetoric was most often considered to be the art of persuasion and was primarily described as a spoken skill. In these societies, discourse occurred almost exclusively in the public sphere, so learning the art of effective, convincing speaking was essential for public orators, legal experts, politicians, philosophers, generals, and educators.
To prepare for the speeches they would need to make in these roles, classical argument outline, students engaged in written exercises called progymnasmata. Today, rhetorical scholars still use strategies from the classical era to conceptualize argument. However, whereas oral discourse was the main focus of classical argument outline classical rhetoricians, modern scholars also study the peculiarities of written argument.
Aristotle provides a crucial point of reference for ancient and modern scholars alike. Over years ago, Aristotle literally wrote the book on rhetoric. His text Rhētorikḗ On Rhetoric explores the techniques and purposes of persuasion in ancient Greece, laying the foundation for the study and implementation of rhetoric in future generations.
Though the ways we communicate and conceptualize rhetoric have changed, many of the principles in this book are still used today. Below, you will find a brief guide to some of the most fundamental concepts in classical rhetoric, most of which originate in On Rhetoric.
To understand how argument works in On Rhetoricyou must first understand the major appeals associated with rhetoric, classical argument outline.
Aristotle identifies four major rhetorical appeals: ethos credibilitylogos logicpathos emotionand Kairos time. An easy way to conceptualize the rhetorical appeals is through advertisements, particularly infomercials or commercials. We are constantly being exposed to the types of rhetoric above, classical argument outline it be while watching television or movies, browsing the internet, or watching videos on YouTube.
Imagine a commercial for a new car. The commercial opens with images of a family driving a brand-new car through rugged, forested terrain, over large rocks, past waterfalls, and finally to a serene camping spot near a tranquil lake surrounded by giant redwood trees. The scene cuts to shots of the interior of the car, showing off its technological capacities and its impressive spaciousness.
A voiceover announces that not only has this car won numerous awards over its competitors but that it is also priced considerably lower than comparable models, while getting better gas mileage. In just a few moments, this commercial has shown masterful use of all four appeals.
The commercial utilizes pathos by appealing to our romantic notions of family, escape, and the great outdoors. The commercial develops ethos by listing its awards, and it appeals to our logical tendencies by pointing out we will save money immediately because the car is priced lower than its competitors, as well as in the long run because of its higher MPG rate. Finally, the commercial provides an opportune and propitious moment for its targeted audience to purchase a car immediately, classical argument outline.
Depending on the nature of the text, argument, classical argument outline, or conversation, one appeal will likely become most dominant, but rhetoric is generally most effective when the speaker or writer draws on multiple appeals to work in conjunction with one another. To learn more about Aristotle's rhetorical appeals, click here.
The classical argument is made up of five components, which are classical argument outline commonly composed in the following order:, classical argument outline. Something to include in this section is the significance of discussing the topic in this given moment Kairos. This provides the issue a sense of urgency that can validate your argument. This is also a good opportunity to consider who your intended audience is and to address their concerns within the context of the argument.
For example, classical argument outline, if you were writing an argument on the importance of technology in the English classroom and your intended audience was the board of a local high school, you might consider the following:. Instead, consider using some of these points as evidence later on. Ask yourself: What will be classical argument outline important to my audience? What information will most likely result in the action I want to bring about? Think about which appeal will work best to gain the attention of your intended audience and start there.
The narratio provides relevant foundational information and describes the social context in which your topic exists. This might include information on the historical background, including recent changes or updates to the topic, social perception, important events, and other academic research, classical argument outline. This helps to establish the rhetorical situation for the argument: that is, the situation the argument is currently in, as impacted by events, people, classical argument outline, opinion, and urgency of some kind.
For your argument on technology in the English classroom, you might include:. Providing this type of information creates the setting for your argument, classical argument outline.
In other words, it provides the place and purpose for the argument to take place, classical argument outline. These two concepts function together to help set up your argument. You can think of them functioning together to form a single thesis.
The propositio informs your audience of classical argument outline stance, and classical argument outline partitio lays out your argument. In other words, the propositio tells your audience what you think about a topic, and the partitio briefly explains why you think that way and how you will prove your point. Because this section helps to set up classical argument outline rest of your argument, you should place it near the beginning of your paper. Keep in mind, however, that you should not give away all classical argument outline your information or evidence in your partitio.
This section should be fairly short: perhaps sentences at most for most academic essays, classical argument outline. Just as a filmgoer must see an entire film to classical argument outline an understanding of its significance or quality, so too must your audience read the rest of your argument to truly understand its depth and scope.
Some writing contexts call for an audience of one. Some require consideration of multiple audiences, in which case you must find ways to craft an argument which appeals to each member of your audience. For example, if your audience included a school board as well as parents andteachers, your propositio might look something like this:. Not only would the marriage of English studies and technology extend pedagogical opportunities, it would also create an ease of instruction for teachers, engage students in creative learning environments, and familiarize students with the creation and sharing technologies that they will be expected to use classical argument outline their future colleges and careers.
Note how the above paragraph considers the concerns and motivations of all three classical argument outline members, takes a stance, and provides support for the stance in a way that classical argument outline for the rest of the argument to grow from its ideas.
Keep in mind that whatever you promise in your propositio and partitio in this case the new teaching practices, literacy statistics, and professional opinion must appear in the body of your argument. These two represent different types of proofs that you will need to consider when crafting your argument. The confirmatio and refutatio work in opposite ways, but are both very effective in strengthening your claims.
Confirmatio is a classical argument outline to confirm your claims and is considered a positive proof; refutatio is a way to acknowledge and refute a counterclaim and is considered a negative proof.
For your argument on technology in the English classroom, you might include the following:. The refutatio provides negative proofs. This is an opportunity for you to acknowledge that other opinions exist and have merit, while also showing why those claims do not warrant rejecting your argument. If you feel strange including information that seems to undermine or weaken your own claims, ask yourself this: have you ever been in a debate with someone who entirely disregarded every point you tried to make without considering the credibility of what you said?
Did this make their argument less convincing? After acknowledging an opposing viewpoint, you have two options. In your concession of the argument, you acknowledge the merit of the opposing argument, but you should still try to flip the evidence in a classical argument outline way.
Note how we acknowledged the opposing argument, but immediately pointed out its flaws using straightforward logic and a counterexample. In so doing, classical argument outline effectively strengthen our argument and move forward with our proposal. Your peroratio is your conclusion. This is your final opportunity to make an impact in your essay and leave an impression on your audience.
In this section, classical argument outline, you are expected to summarize and re-evaluate everything you have proven throughout your argument, classical argument outline.
However, there are multiple ways of doing this. Depending on the topic of your essay, you might employ one or more of the following in your closing:. Remember that your peroratio is the last impression your audience will have of your argument. Be sure to consider carefully which rhetorical appeals to employ to gain a desirable effect, classical argument outline.
Make sure also to summarize your findings, including the most effective and emphatic pieces of evidence from your argument, reassert your major claim, and end on a compelling, memorable note.
Good luck and happy arguing! Find Info For Find Info For Academics Admissions Current Students Athletics About Careers Prospective Students Research and Partnerships Quick Links Apply News President Shop Visit Give Emergency, classical argument outline. Purdue Online Writing Lab College of Liberal Arts. Writing Lab Purdue OWL Research Contact Site Map. General Writing Academic Writing Historical Perspectives on Argumentation.
Welcome to the Purdue OWL This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. Classical Argument Summary: This resource describes the fundamental qualities of argument developed by Aristotle in the vital rhetorical text On Rhetoric.
Classic Argument Essay Instructions
, time: 14:52The Classical Argument (Outline) — HCC Learning Web
Aristotelian Argument. The Aristotelian or classical argument is a style of argument developed by the famous Greek philosopher and rhetorician, Aristotle. In this style of argument, your goal as a writer is to convince your audience of something. The goal is to use a series of strategies to persuade your audience to adopt your side of the issue. Although ethos, pathos, and logos play a role in any argument, this style of argument Classic Model for an Argument No one structure fits all written arguments. However, most college courses require arguments that consist of the following elements. Below is a basic outline for an argumentative or persuasive essay. This is only one possible outline or organization. Always refer to your handbook for specifics. I. Introductory ParagraphFile Size: 57KB Outline of an Argumentative Essay – Classical Pattern. I. Introduction. A. Background Information: basic information about the issue (i.e. euthanasia) and the position being argued (i.e. euthanasia should/should not be allowed). B. Thesis Statement: states the position to be argued in the essay. II
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