Anne Rice (born Howard Allen Frances O'Brien; October 4, ) is an American author of gothic fiction, Christian literature, and erotic blogger.com is best known for her series of novels The Vampire blogger.com from The Vampire Chronicles were the subject of two film adaptations—Interview with the Vampire () and Queen of the Damned () Cardinal Jules Mazarin (/ ˈ m æ z ə r ɪ n /, also UK: / ˈ m æ z ə r æ̃ /, US: / ˌ m æ z ə ˈ r æ̃ /, French: [ʒyl mazaʁɛ̃]; 14 July – 9 March ), born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino (Italian: [ˈdʒuːljo raiˈmondo madːzaˈriːno]) or Mazarini, was an Italian cardinal, diplomat, and politician who served as the chief minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis Anne Rice (born Howard Allen Frances O'Brien; October 4, ) is an American author of gothic fiction, Christian literature, and erotic blogger.com is best known for her series of novels The Vampire blogger.com from The Vampire Chronicles were the subject of two film adaptations—Interview with the Vampire () and Queen of the Damned ()
Cardinal Mazarin - Wikipedia
In he acquired the title Duke of Mayenneand in1st Duke of Rethel and Nevers. After serving as a papal diplomat for Pope Urban VIIIMazarin offered his diplomatic services to Cardinal Richelieu and moved to Paris in Following the death of Richelieu inMazarin took his place as first minister, and after that of Louis XIII inMazarin acted as the head of the government for Anne of Austriathe regent for the young Louis XIV, and was also made responsible for the king's education until he came of age.
The first years of Mazarin in office were marked by military victories in the Thirty Years' Warwhich he used to make France the main European power and establish the Peace of Westphalia — A major uprising against Anne of Austria and Mazarin, called the Fronde and led by the nobles of the Parliament of Parisbroke out in Paris infollowed best college application essay king' a second Fronde led by Louis, Grand Condéwho turned from his chief ally to his chief enemy.
Mazarin took Anne of Austria and Louis XIV out of Paris, and then shifted his base to Germany for a time. Turennea general loyal to Louis XIV and Mazarin, defeated Condé, and Mazarin made a triumphal return to Paris in The last years of Mazarin's life, between and his death inwere marked by a series best college application essay king' major diplomatic victories, In he made a military alliance with England.
In he unveiled best college application essay king' League of the Rhinea new group of fifty small German principalities which were now linked by a treaty with France. In the same year, Marshal Turenne decisively defeated the army of Condé at the Battle of the Dunes in Flanders.
Between February and JuneMazarin conducted intensive negotiations with the Best college application essay king'. On 7 November Spain signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees best college application essay king', which added Artoisthe Cerdagne and Roussillon as new provinces of France. This was followed in June by an even more important diplomatic event carefully arranged by Mazarin; the marriage of Louis XIV with Best college application essay king' Theresa of Spain.
The marriage took place in Saint-Jean-de-Luz. The couple made a triumphant entry into Paris on 26 August This marriage and accompanying agreements ended, at least for a time, the long and costly wars between the Habsburgs and France. Exhausted by his diplomatic efforts, best college application essay king', Mazarin died on 9 March Mazarin, as the de facto ruler of France for nearly two decades, played a crucial role in establishing the Westphalian principles that would guide European states' foreign policy and the prevailing world order.
Some of these principles, such as the nation state 's sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs and the legal equality among states, remain the basis of international law to this day. In addition to his diplomacy, Mazarin was an important patron of the arts.
He introduced Italian opera on a grand scale to Paris, and assembled a remarkable art collection, much of which today can be seen in the Louvre. He also founded the Bibliothèque Mazarinethe first true public library in France, which is now found in the Institut de Franceacross the Seine from the Louvre. Giulio Mazzarino was born on 14 July in Pescina in the Abruzzo province of Italy, about one hundred twenty kilometers best college application essay king' Rome.
His parents were residents of Rome, spending the summer in Pescina to escape the summer heat. His mother Ortensia Bufalini was a native of Rome, from a Bufalini family of the nobility whose origins were in Città di Castello in Umbria.
The family had moved to Rome in the Middle Ages. She was the goddaughter of Filippo I Colonna, her husband's employer. Giulio was the eldest of six children, two boys and four girls. Through the influence of the Colonnas, Giulio was admitted at the age of seven to the Jesuit College in Rome, the most respected school in the city. Though he declined to join their order, he excelled in his studies.
Inat the age of sixteen, he gave a public lecture on theories explaining Halley's cometwhich appeared in that year, best college application essay king'. He also excelled in theatrics; he was chosen to play the part of the newly sainted Ignatius of Loyola in a religious pageant.
He also acquired the habit of gambling at cards, and frequently was in debt. When he was twenty his father decided to send him away from the bad influences of Rome. Giulio accompanied Girolamo Colonnaone of the sons of Filippo I Colonna, who was eighteen, to the Complutense University of Madrid then located in Alcalá de Henares in Best college application essay king'. He studied law with Girolamo during the daytime and in the best college application essay king' continued to gamble and again was in debt.
A notary who had advanced some cash to cover gaming debts urged the charming and personable young Mazarino to take his daughter as bride, with a substantial dowryand Giulio accepted. Girolamo Colonna wrote urgently to his father in Rome, and Giulio was ordered to return immediately to Rome, without his fiancée.
Upon his return to Rome, he resumed his studies, this time in law. In he received the title of doctor in utroque juremeaning he could practice both civil and canonical law. Pope Urban VIII raised an army to defend his territory. The Prince of Palestrinawho was also a member of the Colonna familycommanded a new regiment of the Papal army, and invited Giulio to become a lieutenant in the regiment.
Since neither the regiment nor Giulio had any military experience, they were assigned to a town far from the front line. Giulio knew little of military discipline. He received a message from Rome informing that his mother was seriously ill. Without asking permission from his commander, he immediately rode to Rome, and stayed there until his mother had recovered, best college application essay king'.
He was summoned before the Pope, Urban VIII, to explain why he had deserted his post. He threw himself at the feet of the Pope, and pleaded to be pardoned for his excess of loyalty to his family.
The Pope was impressed by Giulio's spontaneity and eloquence, forgave his desertion, and best college application essay king' him to become a Papal emissary. In Mazarin was named the secretary to Jean-François Best college application essay king', a senior papal diplomat, who was trying to prevent the impending War of the Mantuan Succession between the armies of France and Spain for dominance of that region of northern Italy.
This became, throughout his career, his standard method of diplomacy; traveling continually, getting to know and win the trust of as many decision-makers as possible. Richelieu was aloof and confrontational; he wrote afterwards: "This Mazarini is here more to spy than to negotiate He is so Spanish and so Savoyard that what he says shouldn't be taken as gospel truth.
Richelieu at first decided to ignore Mazarin's diplomacy and to send the French army across the Alps into Italy. On 26 October the French and Spanish armies met outside the walls of the French-held town of Casale, ready to fight. Suddenly, a man on horseback with a flag appeared, galloping toward them, crying "Pace!
Mazarin brought together the Spanish and French commanders and explained the terms of the agreement, which were readily accepted by both sides. Mazarin had achieved his first diplomatic success.
The result of Mazarin's first diplomatic efforts was the Treaty of Cherasco, 6 Aprilin which the Emperor and the Duke of Savoy recognized the possession of Mantua and part of Monferrat by Charles Gonzaga and the French occupation of the strategic stronghold of Pinerolothe gate to the valley of the Pobest college application essay king', to the great satisfaction of Richelieu and King Louis XIII of France.
The Pope sent Mazarin to Paris at the beginning of to work out the final details of the agreement. He returned to France again from April to July He had his first interview with Lous XIII and with the Queen, Anne of Austria, in May He tried to persuade Louis XIII to send a military expedition to capture Genevathe fortress of the Protestant movement, but the King, best college application essay king', who had good relations with the Swiss cantons, rejected the idea.
Mazarin returned to Rome in Novemberand made a new friend and ally, Antonio Barberinithe nephew of the Pope and one of his chief diplomats, and his older brother, Francesco Barberini, the Cardinal Secretary of State. With their assistance, he established himself as best college application essay king' guardian of French interests in Rome, and then of papal interests in France.
Inhe was named papal vice-legate at Avignonappointed a prelateand began to wear ecclesiastical dress, though he was not and never became a priest. While in Rome, Mazarin sent regular gifts of flowers, perfumes and delicacies to the women of the French court, and more valuable gifts, including statues and Renaissance paintings, to Richelieu.
The goal was to create a combined fleet of the ships of Christian nations to seize the Turkish ports around the Mediterranean. Mazarin, a realist, knew that, given the rivalries between European powers, this project would never take place.
A new crisis arrived on 19 May ; France declared war on the Habsburg rulers of Austria and Spain. Mazarin wrote later that he had done his best to persuade Richelieu to avoid a war. He wrote that in March he gave Richelieu all his reasons to maintain the peace, best college application essay king'.
Then he shook my hand, and concluded, 'You are no longer on the side of France. During all of his negotiations, Mazarin was very careful not to be too critical of the French court and Richelieu, and they remained in contact.
In November he left Avignon to return to Rome, carrying instructions from Richelieu that made him a discreet ambassador for the king of France. The atmosphere within the papal curia was hostile to France and to Richelieu; Spanish priests occupied many positions in the hierarchy and they considered him, with reason, an agent of France. When the Pope refused to send him back to France, or to represent the papacy at a peace conference, he wrote: "I am not a subject of the King of France, but I believe I can truly say that the declarations of the Spanish have declared me to be French, so that with justice one can say that France is my country.
His position in Rome was increasingly difficult. He had the affection of Pope Urban VIII, but he was disliked by Cardinal Barberini, best college application essay king', the chief of Papal diplomacy, and by the large contingent of Spaniards in the papal household. He spent his time collecting sculpture and other works of art which he sent to Richelieu for the Cardinal's new palace in Paris. He considered serving the rulers of Savoy, Poland, or Queen Henriette of England, but in the end he decided to enter the service of Richelieu and France.
However, Richelieu was in no hurry to bring him to Paris; he valued the diplomatic contributions Mazarin was making in Rome, as well as the art treasures best college application essay king' was acquiring. He kept Mazarin in Rome for two more years. Richelieu did one important favor for Mazarin; in October he put forward Mazarin's name as a candidate for Cardinal when the next vacancy opened up, best college application essay king'.
In Decemberwhen a sitting Cardinal died, Mazarin was nominated as a Cardinal. He had to wait the entire year of before his new position was confirmed.
Then on 14 Decemberbest college application essay king', he departed Rome for the port of Civitavecchiaboarded an armed French ship to Marseille, and then traveled from Lyon to Paris, where he arrived on 5 January When he arrived in Paris, Mazarin was welcomed warmly by the King, by Richelieu, and by the Queen, Anne of Austriato whom Mazarin had regularly sent perfumes, fans, gloves and other gifts.
The Queen was at this time pregnant with her second child, and it was already anticipated that she would be the regent when King Louis XIII died.
He recommended artists to bring from Rome to Paris, and in he commissioned a bust of Richelieu from the sculptor Bernini in Rome, sending Bernini pictures of Richelieu. The bust of Richelieu arrived in August Best college application essay king' declared that it was perfect, so lifelike that, as he wrote, "it seemed about to speak", but French tastes did not approve of the Baroque style.
The other members of the Court condemned the work, and Mazarin wrote back to Bernini, sending him more pictures of Richelieu and asking him to try again.
Richelieu sent Mazarin on several delicate diplomatic missions, including a long trip to Savoy to straighten out the tangled political affairs there: the regency of Christinethe Duchess of Savoy, and sister of Louis XIII, was challenged by her brothers-in-law, the princes Maurice and Thomas of Savoy.
See Piedmontese Civil War Mazarin successfully secured Christine's position, and established a solid alliance between Savoy and France.
This task kept him away from Paris for nine months, until June On 16 Decemberthough he had not reached his fortieth birthday, he received what he most desired, he was formally made a Cardinal. He had established a cordial relationship with Richelieu; Richelieu jokingly referred to him as Rinzama an anagram of his nameor Nunzinicardo "dear little envoy"or, most frequently, Colmarducciobest college application essay king', or Colmardo.
When was asked what it meant.
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, time: 8:52Anne Rice - Wikipedia
Cardinal Jules Mazarin (/ ˈ m æ z ə r ɪ n /, also UK: / ˈ m æ z ə r æ̃ /, US: / ˌ m æ z ə ˈ r æ̃ /, French: [ʒyl mazaʁɛ̃]; 14 July – 9 March ), born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino (Italian: [ˈdʒuːljo raiˈmondo madːzaˈriːno]) or Mazarini, was an Italian cardinal, diplomat, and politician who served as the chief minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis Anne Rice (born Howard Allen Frances O'Brien; October 4, ) is an American author of gothic fiction, Christian literature, and erotic blogger.com is best known for her series of novels The Vampire blogger.com from The Vampire Chronicles were the subject of two film adaptations—Interview with the Vampire () and Queen of the Damned () Anne Rice (born Howard Allen Frances O'Brien; October 4, ) is an American author of gothic fiction, Christian literature, and erotic blogger.com is best known for her series of novels The Vampire blogger.com from The Vampire Chronicles were the subject of two film adaptations—Interview with the Vampire () and Queen of the Damned ()
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