The Romantic Period, – Essayists and Poets — American Literature I Fresh New Vision Electrified Artistic and Intellectual Circles The Romantic movement, which originated in Germany but quickly spread to England, France, and beyond, reached America around the year , some twenty years after William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge had American Romanticism. Romanticism is an influential literary movement in America that changed literature permanently from the drastically modest and structured ideals of Puritanism. Two contrasting types of authors, Romantics and Dark Romantics, introduce new, meaningful literature to America; while Romantics see the light and airy side of the world, Dark Romantics American Romantic Essayists, How To Put The Name Of A Movie Into An Essay, Essay On Mother's Day In Gujarati, Gis Cover Letter Sample/10()
The Romantic Period, Essayists and Poets - Excellence in Literature by Janice Campbell
The Romantic movement, which originated in Germany but quickly spread to England, France, and american romantic essayists, reached America around the yearsome twenty years after William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge american romantic essayists revolutionized English poetry by publishing Lyrical Ballads.
In America as in Europe, american romantic essayists new vision electrified artistic and intellectual circles. Yet there was an important difference: Romanticism in America coincided with the period of national expansion and the discovery of a distinctive American voice.
Romantic ideas centered around art as inspiration, the spiritual and aesthetic dimension of nature, and metaphors of organic growth. Art, rather than science, Romantics american romantic essayists, could best express universal truth. The Romantics underscored the importance of expressive art for the individual and society.
For all men live by truth, and stand in need of expression. In love, in art, in avarice, in politics, in labor, in games, we study to utter our painful secret. The man is only half himself, the other half is his expression. The development of the self became a major theme; self-awareness a primary method.
If, according to Romantic theory, self and nature were one, self-awareness was not a selfish dead end but a mode of knowledge opening up the universe. As the unique, subjective self became important, so did the realm of psychology. Exceptional artistic effects and techniques were developed to evoke heightened psychological states. Romanticism was affirmative and appropriate for most American poets and creative essayists. The Romantic spirit seemed particularly suited to American democracy: It stressed individualism, affirmed the value of the common person, and looked to the inspired imagination for its aesthetic and ethical values.
Certainly the New England Transcendentalists—Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and their associates—were inspired to a new optimistic affirmation by the Romantic movement. In New England, Romanticism fell upon fertile soil, american romantic essayists.
The Transcendentalist movement was a reaction against 18th century rationalism and a manifestation of the general humanitarian trend of nineteenth century thought. The movement was based on a fundamental belief in the unity of the world and God.
The soul of each individual was thought to be identical with the world—a microcosm of the world itself. The doctrine of self-reliance and individualism developed through the belief in the identification of the individual soul with God. Transcendentalism was intimately connected with Concord, a small New England village thirty-two kilometers west of Boston. Concord was the first inland settlement of the original Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was a place of high-minded conversation and simple living Emerson and Henry David Thoreau both had vegetable gardens.
Emerson, american romantic essayists, who moved to Concord inand Thoreau are most closely associated with the town, but the locale also attracted the novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne, the feminist writer Margaret Fuller, american romantic essayists educator and father of novelist Louisa May Alcott Bronson Alcott, and the poet William Ellery Channing, american romantic essayists. The Transcendental Club was loosely organized in and included, at various times, Emerson, Thoreau, Fuller, Channing, Bronson Alcott, Orestes Brownson a leading ministerTheodore Parker abolitionist and ministerand others.
The Transcendentalists published a quarterly magazine, The Dialwhich lasted four years and was first edited by Margaret Fuller and later by Emerson. Reform efforts engaged them as well as literature.
Unlike many European groups, the Transcendentalists never issued a manifesto. They insisted on american romantic essayists differences — on the unique viewpoint of the individual. American Transcendental Romantics pushed radical individualism to the extreme.
American writers often saw themselves as lonely explorers outside society and convention. American romantic essayists the Romantic American writer, nothing was a given. Literary and social conventions, far from being helpful, were dangerous. There was tremendous pressure to discover an authentic literary form, american romantic essayists, content, and voice — all at the same time.
It is clear from the many masterpieces produced in the three decades before the U. Civil War —65 that American writers rose to the challenge. Ralph Waldo Emerson, the towering figure of his era, had a religious sense of mission. Most of his major ideas—the need for a new national vision, the use of personal experience, the notion of the cosmic Over-Soul, and the doctrine of compensation—are suggested in his first publication, Nature This essay opens:. Our age is retrospective.
It builds the sepulchres of the fathers. It writes biographies, histories, criticism. The foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face; we, american romantic essayists, through their eyes. Why should not we also enjoy an original relation to the universe? Why should not we have a poetry of insight and not of tradition, and a religion by revelation to us, and not the history of theirs, american romantic essayists.
Embosomed for a season in nature, whose floods of life stream around and through us, and invite us by the powers they supply, to action proportioned to nature, why should we grope among the dry bones of the past…? The sun shines today also. There is more wool and flax in the fields. There are new lands, new men, american romantic essayists, new thoughts. Let us demand our own works and laws and worship. If the american romantic essayists slayer think he slay Or the slain think he is slain, They know not well the subtle ways I keep, and pass, and turn again.
Far or forgot to me is near Shadow and sunlight are the same; The vanished gods to me appear; And one to me are shame and fame. They reckon ill who leave me out; When me they fly, I am the wings; I am the doubter and the doubt, And I the hymn the Brahmin sings The strong gods pine for my abode, american romantic essayists, And pine in vain the sacred Seven, But thou, american romantic essayists, meek lover of the good!
Find me, and turn thy back on heaven. This poem, published in the first number of the Atlantic Monthly magazineconfused readers unfamiliar with Brahma, the highest Hindu god, the eternal and infinite soul of the universe. A great prose-poet, Emerson influenced a long line of American poets, including Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Wallace Stevens, Hart Crane, and Robert Frost.
He is also credited american romantic essayists influencing the philosophies of John Dewey, George Santayana, Friedrich Nietzsche, and William James.
Henry David Thoreau, american romantic essayists, of French and Scottish descent, was born in Concord and made it his permanent home, american romantic essayists. From a poor family, like Emerson, he worked his way through Harvard. Throughout his life, american romantic essayists, he reduced his needs to the simplest level and managed to live on very little money, thus maintaining his independence.
In essence, he made living his career. A nonconformist, he attempted to live his life at all times according to his rigorous principles. This attempt was the subject of many of his writings. In WaldenThoreau consciously shapes this time into one year, and the book is carefully constructed so the seasons are subtly evoked in order.
In WaldenThoreau, american romantic essayists, a lover of travel books and the author of several, gives us an anti-travel book that paradoxically opens the inner frontier of self-discovery as no American book had up to this time, american romantic essayists.
Both poetry and philosophy, this long poetic essay challenges the reader to examine his or her life and live it authentically. The building of the cabin, described in great detail, is a concrete metaphor for the careful building of a soul. The resemblance is not accidental: like Emerson and Whitman, he was influenced by Hindu and Buddhist philosophy.
His most treasured possession was his library of Asian classics, which he shared with Emerson. His eclectic style draws on Greek and Latin classics and is crystalline, american romantic essayists, punning, and as richly metaphorical as the English metaphysical writers of the late Renaissance.
In WaldenThoreau not only tests the theories of Transcendentalism, he reenacts the collective American experience of the nineteenth century: american romantic essayists on the frontier. Thoreau felt that his contribution would be to renew a sense of the wilderness in language, american romantic essayists. His journal has an undated entry from English literature from the days of the minstrels to the Lake Poets, Chaucer and Spenser and Shakespeare and Milton included, breathes no quite fresh and in this sense, wild strain.
It is an essentially tame and civilized literature, reflecting Greece and Rome. Her wilderness is a greenwood, her wildman a Robin Hood.
There is plenty of genial love of nature in her poets, but not so much of nature herself. Her chronicles inform us when her wild animals, but not the wildman in her, became extinct. There was need of America. Thoreau is the most attractive of the Transcendentalists today because of his ecological consciousness, do-it-yourself independence, ethical commitment to abolitionism, and political theory of civil disobedience and peaceful resistance.
His ideas are still fresh, and his incisive poetic style and habit of close observation are still modern. Whitman was largely self-taught; he left school at the age of 11 to go to work, missing the sort of traditional education that made most American authors respectful imitators of the English.
The enthusiastic praise that Emerson and a few others heaped on this daring volume confirmed Whitman in his poetic vocation, although the book was not a popular success. Leaves of Grass is as vast, energetic, and natural as the American continent; it was the epic generations of American critics had been calling for, although they did not recognize it. My ties and ballasts leave me. I skirt sierras, my palms cover continents I am afoot with my vision.
The poem bulges with myriad concrete sights and sounds. I am the hounded slave, I wince at the bite of the dogs…. More than any other writer, Whitman invented the myth of democratic America. The United States is essentially the greatest poem. He invented a timeless America of the free imagination, peopled with pioneering spirits of all nations.
I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. He was enormously innovative. In their time, the Boston Brahmins american romantic essayists the patrician, Harvard-educated class came to be called supplied the most respected and genuinely cultivated literary arbiters of the United States. Their lives fitted a pleasant pattern of wealth and leisure directed by the strong New England work ethic and american romantic essayists for learning.
In an earlier Puritan age, the Boston Brahmins would have been ministers; in the nineteenth century, they became professors, american romantic essayists at Harvard. Late in life they sometimes became ambassadors or received honorary degrees from European institutions. Most of them travelled or were educated in Europe: They were familiar with the ideas and books of Britain, Germany, and France, and often Italy and Spain.
William Hazlitt - Romantic Essayist
, time: 50:18Free American Romanticism Essays and Papers | Help Me
In his essay "The Poet" (), Ralph Waldo Emerson, perhaps the most influential writer of the Romantic era, asserts: For all men live by truth, and stand in need of expression. In love, in art, in avarice, in politics, in labor, in games, we study to utter our painful secret American Romanticism. Romanticism is an influential literary movement in America that changed literature permanently from the drastically modest and structured ideals of Puritanism. Two contrasting types of authors, Romantics and Dark Romantics, introduce new, meaningful literature to America; while Romantics see the light and airy side of the world, Dark Romantics American Romantic Essayists, How To Put The Name Of A Movie Into An Essay, Essay On Mother's Day In Gujarati, Gis Cover Letter Sample/10()
No comments:
Post a Comment